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Hundreds of thousands of Italians staged a mass rally in Rome's Circus Maximus on Saturday to urge the government to drop legislation that offers homosexual couples legal recognition and limited adoption rights.

The much-contested bill was presented to Parliament last week and is due to be voted on in February, but the government itself is deeply divided over the issue and opponents are hopeful they can sink it, as they have done it the past.

Trains and buses ferried in protesters from around Italy to take part in the event, staged in Ancient Rome's famed chariot-racing stadium. A group of black-clad Roman Catholic priests danced the conga, while children rushed around the grassy arena.

"We want the whole law to be withdrawn, no ifs and no buts," said one of the organizers, Simone Pillon, sporting a red bow tie. He took particular offense at a clause in the law which would let gays adopt the biological children of their partner.

Critics say this would encourage surrogacy, which is outlawed in Italy. "We cannot let children pay for the desires or caprices of adults. Children need to have a father and a mother," said Pillon.

Showing how polarized the nation is, Saturday's rally came a week after thousands of people took to the streets in Italy to demand that the "civil union" bill, which relates to both homosexual and heterosexual couples, be approved.

Organizers said two million people joined the Circus Maximus rally. Police did not give any crowd estimates, but city authorities have said the arena can hold some 350,000.

Italy is the last major country in Western Europe that has not offered rights or recognition to same-sex couples and has been criticized regularly by the European Court of Justice for failing to act.

Prime Minister Matteo Renzi promised to pass a law by the end of last year, but has faced fiercer opposition over this from within his coalition’s ranks than any of his other reform plans.

Several government officials, including many from the small New Center Right party (NCD), took part in Saturday's demonstration, while others cheered it on from the sidelines.

"I fully adhere to the aims of this gathering," Interior Minister Angelino Alfano, who is also the head of the NCD, wrote on Twitter, underscoring the difficulties Renzi faces in trying to secure a majority in Parliament.

Italy is a heavily Roman Catholic country, and although the church's influence has waned over the years, it remains a formidable social force. The Italian Bishops Conference has come out firmly against the bill, and many of the banners on display had overt religious overtones.

A week ago Pope Francis issued a strong reminder of the church's opposition to gay marriage, saying that the traditional family was "the family God wants".

Some protesters echoed his view. "I am a grandfather and this law goes against God and goes against the Bible," said Franco Pantuso, 71, a retired waiter from the central city of L'Aquila who had come to Rome for the protest. "Our children and grandchildren must be protected."

The latest opinion polls say that 70 percent of Italians believe that same sex couples should be granted legal protection, such as inheritance rights. However, only some 24 percent think that any adoption rights should be granted to gay couples.